Standardization of spring in foreign countries
Although the spring is widely used, it is basically a non-standard part in terms of variety and specification. It is designed for different host products and has poor interchangeability. Therefore, for a long time, there has been no corresponding technical committee on standardization of springs in ISO, and standardization of springs has been limited. In recent years, due to the development of spring technology and the requirements of industrial technology development, the international unified standard work around spring has been strengthened. China and Japan jointly initiated the establishment of International Technical Committee for Spring Standardization (IS0/TC227) in 2005. The President is Germany and the Secretariat is located in Japan. Currently there are 11 Full Member States. The international standard proposals under review include spring terminology and spring shot peening, both of which are proposed by Japan.
Prior to the establishment of Technical Committee for Standardization of International Springs, Technical Committee for Standardization of International Springs S0/TC10 prepared technical documents related to springs:
IS02162 Production technical document – spring, including three parts:
IS02162.1 Part 1: Spring Method
IS02162.2 Part 2: Data to be provided for cylindrical helical compression springs
IS02162.3 Part 3: Glossary of spring terms
GB/T4459,4 Mechanical Drawing Method is formulated in reference to the above international standard ISO2162.1.
Compression springs with rectangular section for dies are becoming more and more widely used. For the sake of interchangeability, ISO/DIS10243 “Installation dimensions and color symbols of compression springs with rectangular section for dies” has been formulated by ISO/DIS10243. With reference to this standard, China has formulated Flat Wire Cylindrical Helical Compression Spring (JB/T6653).
In June 2007, the Secretariat of China National Committee for Technical Standardization of Spring submitted an international standard proposal for the design, technical requirements and experimental methods of hot-rolled cylindrical spiral compression spring basket and automobile plate spring to the International Committee for Technical Standardization of Spring (ISO/TC227). At the meeting attended by 12 member states of the 3rd (ISO/TC227) Committee held in Beijing on October 29, 2007, it was unanimously approved to be completed in 2012 and named as the international standard ISO11891:2012 Technical Conditions for Hot-Ciled Circular Helical Compression Springs. This marked that China’s spring technology has taken a big step towards the international level. The proposal for plate spring was approved by the International Committee on Technical Standards for Spring in 2010 and is almost completed.
British spring standard is mainly the design standard for cylindrical helical compression, tension and torsion springs, including the technical conditions for the spring collar. These three standards are detailed and clear for guiding spring design. It was adopted by European Training Committee for Standardization in 2001, with codename and name of
BS EN 13906.1 Design Guide for Cylindrical Helical Compression Springs of Circular Section Material
BS EN 13906.2 Guide to the Design of Circular Section Material Cylindrical Helical Tension Springs
BS EN 13906.3 Guide to the design of cylindrical helical torsion springs of circular section material
Japan, Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union have formulated many spring standards. However, it is not enough to measure the spring quality level of these countries from the corresponding standard. Quality requirements for general springs are the main ones to be incorporated into these national standards. The requirements for important and high-quality springs are often reflected in relevant company standards and drawings.
The formulation of Japanese standards is under the centralized management of the Japanese Industrial Technology Institute, which has a Standards Department. The formulation of spring standard shall be drafted by the Japanese Spring Association entrusted by the Industrial Technology Institute, and then the Institute shall organize a special committee for deliberation. National standards are mainly formulated for varieties with large quantity and wide range and convenient for professional production, such as cylindrical spiral compression, tension, torsion spring, disc spring, torsion bar spring and plate spring, etc. See Table 1-7. Pay equal attention to design calculation standard and technical condition standard.
Table 1-7 Standard name and standard number of Japanese spring
| Serial Number | Standard | Standard Name | Serial Number | Standard | Standard Name |
| 1 | JIS B 2701
|
laminated spring | 6 | JIS B 2707 | Cold coiled helical compression spring |
| 2 | JIS B 2702 | Cold coiled helical compression spring | 7 | JIS B 2708 | Cold coiled helical tension spring |
| 3 | JIS B 2704 | Design Standard for Helical Compression Tension Springs | 8 | JIS B 2709 | Design standard for spiral torsion springs |
| 4 | JIS B 2705 | Torsion bar spring | 9 | JIS B 2710 | Lamination Spring Design Criteria |
| 5 | JIS B 2706 | DISC SPRING | 10 | JIS B 0103 | Spring terminology |
The standardization of springs in Germany is well carried out. Under the German Standards Committee there is a Spring Committee responsible for the standardization of springs. The German Institute of Standardization is responsible for the formulation of standards, and relevant test work is carried out by organizing relevant enterprises.
The composition of German spring standard (Table 1-8) is similar to that of Japanese standard, mainly including cylindrical spiral spring. In addition, torsion bar spring, disc spring and plate spring are also provided with national standards. Great attention is also paid to the design calculation standards.
Table 1-8 German Spring Standard Designation and Standard Number
| Serial Number | Standard | Standard Name |
| 1 | DIN 2088 | Cylindrical helical springs made of round wires and bars: Calculation and design of torsional springs |
| 2 | DIN 2089 T1 | Cylindrical helical springs made from round wires and bars: Calculation and construction |
| 3 | DIN 2090 | Calculation of Square Steel Cylindrical Spiral Compression Spring |
| 4 | DIN 2091 | Torsion bar springs of circular section: calculation and structure |
| 5 | DIN 2092 | Belleville Spring: Calculation |
| 6 | DIN 2093 | Disk Spring: Dimensional Material Properties |
| 7 | DIN 2094 | Plate springs for road vehicles: quality requirements |
| 8 | DIN 2095 | Cylindrical helical spring made of round spring wire: Quality specification for cold rolled compression spring |
| 9 | DIN 2096 T1 | Cylindrical helical springs from round wire and ladder: Quality requirements for hot-formed compression springs |
| 10 | DIN 2096 T2 | Round Bar Example Cylindrical Helical Compression Spring: Mass Production Quality Requirements |
| 11 | DIN 2097 | Circular steel wire cylindrical helical springs: Quality requirements for cold rolled tension springs |
| 12 | DIN 2098 T1 | Cylindrical spiral spring made of round spring wire: Dimensions of cold rolled compression spring with round wire diameter larger than or equal to 0.5mm |
| 13 | DIN 2098 T2 | Cylindrical helical spring made of round spring wire: Dimensions of cold rolled compression spring with round wire diameter less than 0.5mm |
| 14 | DIN 2099 T1 | Cylindrical spiral spring made of round wire and round bar: data and table of compression spring |
| 15 | DIN 2099 T2 | Circular wire cylindrical helical springs: data, tables for tension springs |
| 16 | DIN 4621 | Laminated plate spring and spring clip |
| 17 | DIN 9835 T1 | Elastomer compression springs for punching technical tools: dimensions and calculations |
| 18 | DIN 9835 T1 B1 | Elastomer compression springs for press technology tools: Spring characteristic curves |
| 19 | DIN 9835 T2 | Elastomer Compression Springs for Punching Technical Tools: accessory |
| 20 | DIN 9835 T3 | Elastomer Compression Springs for Technical Tools for Punching: Requirements and Inspection |
| 21 | DIN ISO 2162 | Technical drawings – Representation of springs |
There are no standards for springs in the American National Standards (ANS) catalog. There are 14 spring standards in the standards (SAE) formulated by American Society of Dynamic Machinery Engineers (SAE), among which some standards include standards for spring steel wire and spring, but the requirements for spring are simple. In addition, the Military Code (ML) has five spring standards. See Table 1-9 for relevant American spring standards.
Table 1-9 American Spring Standard Designation and Standard Number
| Serial Number | Standard | Standard Name |
| 1 | SAE J 113 | Cold drawn mechanical spring wire and spring |
| 2 | SAE J 132 | Oil-tempered chrome-vanadium alloy valve spring, wire mesh and spring |
| 3 | SAE J 157 | Oil tempered chrome-silicon alloy steel wire and spring |
| 4 | SAE J 172 | Cold drawn carbon valve spring steel wire and spring |
| 5 | SAE J 217 | 17-7PH stainless steel spring wire and spring |
| 6 | SAE J 230 | SAE330302 stainless steel spring wire and spring |
| 7 | SAE J 271 | Special high-strength cold-drawing mechanism spring wire and spring |
| 8 | SAE J 310 | Oil tempered carbon spring steel wire and spring |
| 9 | SAE J 351 | Oil tempered carbon valve spring steel wire and spring |
| 10 | SAE J 507 | General automotive hot-rolled helical spring |
| 11 | SAE J 508 | General automotive cold coil coil spring |
| 12 | SAE J 509 | Automobile suspension spiral spring |
| 13 | SAE J 510 | Automobile suspension plate spring |
| 14 | SAE J 511 | Terminology of air springs |
| 15 | HS-7(J-788) | Design and application guide of plate spring |
| 16 | HS-9(J-795) | Design and application guide of spiral spring and scroll spring |
| 17 | TR-135(J-782) | Cushion Spring Guide |
| 18 | HS-26(J-796) | Design and application guide of torsion bar spring |
| 19 | MIL-STD-29 | Spring (material, design, manufacture) |
| 20 | MIL-S-13334 | High stress helical compression spring for cannon |
| 21 | MIL-S-13475 | Scroll spring (for armored vehicle) |
| 22 | ML-S-12133 | DISC SPRING |
| 23 | MIL-S-13572A | Compression and tension coil spring |
| 24 | MS-35142 | coil spring |
| 25 | M-114-51 | Heat-treated steel spiral spring |
Russian spring standard has 12 dimension standards (Table 1-10), that is, the cylindrical spiral compression and tension springs are divided into different grades according to the load conditions and dimension accuracy, and their single-turn parameters are specified. For designers, the applicability of the standard is more extensive when selecting and designing springs based on the single-turn parameters.
Table 1-10 Standard name and standard number of Russian spring
| Serial Number | Standard | Standard Name |
| 1 | ROCT 8578 | General Technical Requirements for Valve Springs of Diesel Engines for Tractors and Combination Receivers |
| 2 | ROCT37.00.015 | Technical requirements, inspection methods and acceptance rules, packaging, transportation and preservation of valve springs for automobile engines |
| 3 | ROCT 13764 | Cylindrical helical compression and tension round steel spring |
| 4 | ROCT 13765 | Cylindrical helical compression and tension round steel springs – Designation of parameters and method of dimensioning |
| 5 | ROCT 13766 | Grade 1 cylindrical helical compression and tension round steel spring spiral diagram parameters |
| 6 | ROCT 13767 | Grade 1 cylindrical helical compression and tension round steel spring spiral diagram parameters |
| 7 | ROCT 13768 | Basic parameters of spiral diagram of cylindrical helical compression and tension round steel spring of Grade 1 |
| 8 | ROCT 13769 | Grade 1 cylindrical helical compression and tension round steel spring spiral diagram parameters |
| 9 | ROCT 13770 | Grade 2 cylindrical helical compression and tension round steel spring spiral diagram parameters |
| 10 | ROCT 13771 | Basic parameters of 2 grade cylindrical helical compression and tension round steel spring coil |
| 11 | ROCT 13772 | Basic Parameters of Grade 2 Cylindrical Helical Compression and Tension Round Steel Spring Helix |
| 12 | ROCT 13773 | Basic Parameters of Grade 2 Cylindrical Helical Compression and Tension Round Steel Spring Coil |
| 13 | ROCT 13774 | Basic parameters of Class 1 and 3 cylindrical helical compression and tension round steel spring coil |
| 14 | ROCT 13775 | Basic parameters of spiral coil of cylindrical helical compression and tension round steel spring, Grade 2, Grade 3 |
| 15 | ROCT 13776 | Basic parameters of spiral diagram of cylindrical helical compression and tension round steel spring of Grade 3 |
| 16 | ROCT 17279 | Belleville springs for electrical purposes |
| 17 | ROCT 16118 | Technical requirements for cylindrical helical compression and tension round steel springs |
As mentioned above, springs listed in national standards in various countries are only a part of the spring variety. If it is necessary to examine the actual quality of spring products in a certain country, in addition to understanding the national standards, attention shall also be paid to the corresponding company and enterprise standards.
